Contrast stretching is used to process low-contrast images.
The slope (alpha, beta or gamma) is chosen to be greater than unity in the region of stretch.
Clipping
Clipping is a special case of contrast stretching with alpha and gamma both zero.
Thresholding
Thresholding is a special case of clipping where a and b are equal to a threshold value (say T).
For a binary image, v = 0 when u < T and v = 255 when u >=T.